Fourthly, results from studies that include DID patients who went through integrative therapeutic work and can alternate in a controlled fashion between some of their dissociative identities in experimental settings, may not be representative of naturally occurring dissociative amnesia. 4) is at odds with this framework and some data suggesting that these dissociative identities may have very different, hypotheses-fitting and memory-dependent subjective, physiological and neurophysiological reactions to audiotaped descriptions of traumatizing events (e.g., Reinders, Willemsen, Vos, Den Boer, & Nijenhuis, 2012), as well as neurophysiological and behavioural reactions to subliminally presented neutral and angry faces (Schlumpf et al., 2013) and to rest-instructions (Schlumpf et al., 2014). Huntjens et al.’s assertion of ‘intact memory pathways’ (p. Thirdly, we have proposed that some dissociative identities referred to as apparently normal parts (ANPs: Van der Hart et al., 2006) may tend to mentally avoid traumatic memories, while others referred to as emotional parts (EPs: Van der Hart et al., 2006), may tend to relive traumatic memories as if they were present events. Secondly, we do not hold that there must be dissociative identity-dependent recall for procedural memory or non-self-relevant adverse, emotional, and neutral stimuli. Although several studies did not find inter-identity amnesia for procedural memory or non-self-relevant adverse, emotional, and neutral stimuli, it is important to note that results are not fully consistent and that these studies did not use personalized self-relevant information (e.g., Reinders et al., 2016). claim that experimental studies show intact inter-identity memory pathways. There is a major difference between being affected by something (e.g., an action system) and being something. ![]() They are not action systems but are primarily affected, influenced or guided by particular (constellations of) action systems. They do not involve behavioural states but are subsystems of the personality with their own needs and related sensations, perceptions, affects, cognitions, and strivings. What we (Nijenhuis, 2015, 2017 Van der Hart et al., 2006) actually say is that dissociative parts are overlapping in some but not other regards. accept our view that dissociative parts of the personality involve their own first-person perspective, but erroneously state that in our view dissociative parts ‘involve discrete, personified behavioural states or “biopsychosocial action systems” that take “executive control of the person’s body and behaviour” … ’ (p. For example, in both approaches close attention is given to the function of aggressive and critical dissociative parts while pacing and validating their needs (Nijenhuis, 2017 Van der Hart et al., 2006). ST also impresses as a phase-oriented approach and several major interventions are quite similar. This intensity could prove to be effective, but DID-therapy in natural settings is usually subject to practical and financial restrictions that preclude biweekly sessions. ST’s biweekly sessions may actually involve a more intensive approach than POTT’s common weekly sessions. ![]() Although the total length of therapy may differ, the proposed ST and POTT-models involve a comparable number of sessions. The intensity and pace are dependent on contextual variables such as the patient’s and therapist’s power of action (Nijenhuis, 2017). criticize POTT-models as ‘intensive and lengthy,’ whereas these models actually hold that treatment best proceeds as fast as possible and as slow as needed. However, (1) we do not agree with their comparison of ST and POTT-models (2) their presentation of our dissociation theory (Nijenhuis, 2015, 2017 Van der Hart, Nijenhuis, & Steele, 2006) as a guide for POTT-models is inadequate and (3) their review of experimental studies on dissociative amnesia could be more exhaustive. We appreciate their intention to study ST’s efficacy. They present schema therapy (ST) as an alternative for phase-oriented trauma treatment models (in short ‘POTT-models’) for DID. ![]() We concur with Huntjens, Rijkeboer, and Arnzt ( 2019) that the quantity and quality of dissociative identity disorder (DID) treatment research must become improved, and that multiple baseline single-case series (Schubert, 2011) constitutes a useful approach (Nijenhuis, 2015, 2017).
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